🧠 Neurology (Q1-Q20)
Q1: Parkinson’s Disease
A 68-year-old male presents with resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Loss of facial expression is noted.
Question: What is the primary cellular pathology?
Click to reveal Answer & Explanation
Answer: Depigmentation of the substantia nigra pars compacta.
Explanation: Loss of dopaminergic neurons. Histology shows alpha-synuclein (Lewy bodies).
Q2: CN VI Palsy
Diabetic patient with sudden onset horizontal diplopia. Right eye medially deviated; cannot abduct.
Question: Which nerve is affected?
Click to reveal Answer & Explanation
Answer: Abducens nerve (CN VI).
Explanation: CN VI innervates Lateral Rectus (LR6).
Q3: Wallenberg Syndrome
Dysphagia, hoarseness, loss of pain/temp on ipsilateral face and contralateral body.
Question: Location of lesion?
Click to reveal Answer & Explanation
Answer: Lateral Medulla (PICA infarct).
Q4: Wernicke EncephalopathyCause:Thiamine (B1) deficiency. Trio: Ataxia, Confusion, Ophthalmoplegia.
Q5: Myasthenia GravisMechanism:Postsynaptic ACh receptor antibodies. Worsens with use.
Q6: Lambert-EatonMechanism:Presynaptic Ca-channel antibodies. Improves with use.
Q7: UMN LesionSigns:Hyperreflexia, spasticity, Babinski (+).
Q8: Bitemporal HemianopiaLocation:Optic Chiasm (Pituitary adenoma).
Q9: DCML PathwayFunction:Vibration, Proprioception, Fine Touch.
Q10: Locked-in SyndromeLocation:Ventral Pons (Basilar artery).
Q11: HuntingtonKey:Caudate atrophy, CAG repeats.
Q12: ALSKey:UMN + LMN signs, no sensory loss.
Q13: Multiple SclerosisKey:Oligoclonal bands, Periventricular plaques.
Q14: GBSKey:Ascending paralysis after Campylobacter.
Q15: SAHKey:Worst headache of life, Berry aneurysm.
Q16: Epidural HematomaKey:Middle meningeal artery, Lucid interval.
Q17: Subdural HematomaKey:Bridging veins, crescent shape.
Q18: Brain AbscessKey:Ring-enhancing lesion.
Q19: MeningitisKey:High neutrophils, low glucose (Bacterial).
Q20: AlzheimerKey:Amyloid plaques, Tau tangles.
❤️ Cardiology (Q21-Q40)
Q21: Stable AnginaMechanism:Atherosclerosis (>70% stenosis). Pain relieved by rest.
Q22: ACE InhibitorsSide Effect:Hyperkalemia (via decreased Aldosterone).
Q23: Renal Artery StenosisMechanism:Increased Renin (Fibromuscular dysplasia).
Q24: STEMIFindings:ST-elevation = Transmural infarction.
Q25: NitratesAction:Venodilation (reduces Preload).
Q26: Atrial FibrillationKey:Irregularly irregular, no P waves.
Q27: Ventricular TachycardiaKey:Wide QRS complex.
Q28: Digoxin ToxicityKey:Blurry yellow vision, arrhythmia.
Q29: PDAKey:Continuous machine-like murmur.
Q30: Tetralogy of FallotKey:Right-to-left shunt, Boot-shaped heart.
Q31: CoarctationKey:BP difference (Arms > Legs), Rib notching.
Q32: Aortic StenosisKey:Systolic ejection murmur, Syncope.
Q33: Mitral StenosisKey:Opening snap, Diastolic rumble.
Q34: Infective EndocarditisKey:Osler nodes, Roth spots, Janeway lesions.
Q35: Rheumatic FeverKey:Aschoff bodies, post-Strep infection.
Q36: HOCMKey:Septal hypertrophy, sudden death in athletes.
Q37: PericarditisKey:Friction rub, PR depression.
Q38: Cardiac TamponadeKey:Beck triad, Pulsus paradoxus.
Q39: Dilated CardiomyopathyKey:S3 gallop, dilated ventricles.
Q40: Heart FailureKey:Pulmonary edema (Left-sided failure).
🫁 Respiratory (Q41-Q55)
Q41: Chronic BronchitisKey:Blue bloater, productive cough 3mo/2yrs.
Q42: EmphysemaKey:Pink puffer, A1AT deficiency.
Q43: ARDSKey:Hyaline membranes, non-cardiogenic edema.
Q44: Lobar PneumoniaKey:S. pneumoniae, dullness to percussion.
Q45: TBKey:Ghon complex, upper lobe cavitations.
Q46: SarcoidosisKey:Bilateral hilar adenopathy, non-caseating.
Q47: AsthmaKey:Curschmann spirals, Charcot-Leyden crystals.
Q48: PneumothoraxKey:Hyperresonance, absent breath sounds.
Q49: Pleural EffusionKey:Fluid in space, blunting of costophrenic angles.
Q50: Pulmonary EmbolismKey:V/Q mismatch, sudden dyspnea.
Q51: BronchiectasisKey:Cylindrical dilation, foul sputum.
Q52: Cystic FibrosisKey:CFTR mutation, pseudomonas infections.
Q53: Small Cell Lung CAKey:SIADH, ACTH, central mass.
Q54: AdenocarcinomaKey:Most common in non-smokers, peripheral.
Q55: MesotheliomaKey:Pleural plaques, asbestos exposure.
🍽️ GI (Q56-Q70)
Q56: Duodenal UlcerKey:Relieved by food, H. pylori.
Q57: Acute PancreatitisKey:Elevated Lipase, radiates to back.
Q58: Ulcerative ColitisKey:Bloody diarrhea, pseudopolyps, lead-pipe.
Q59: Crohn’s DiseaseKey:Skip lesions, transmural, fistulas.
Q60: AppendicitisKey:RLQ pain, McBurney point.
Q61: Hep BKey:Ground glass hepatocytes.
Q62: Hep CKey:RNA virus, leads to HCC.
Q63: Portal HTNKey:Esophageal varices, Caput medusae.
Q64: Wilson DiseaseKey:Low ceruloplasmin, Kayser-Fleischer rings.
Q65: HemochromatosisKey:Bronze diabetes, High ferritin.
Q66: GERDKey:Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction.
Q67: Barrett EsophagusKey:Intestinal metaplasia, squamous to columnar.
Q68: Colon CancerKey:Apple core lesion, CEA marker.
Q69: Celiac DiseaseKey:Villous atrophy, Anti-tTG.
Q70: Lactose IntoleranceKey:Osmotic diarrhea, low stool pH.
🧬 Biochemistry (Q71-Q85)
Q71: GlycolysisKey:Rate limiting: PFK-1.
Q72: ScurvyKey:Vitamin C deficiency, collagen defect.
Q73: Urea CycleKey:OTC deficiency, orotic aciduria.
Q74: PKUKey:Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency.
Q75: G6PD DeficiencyKey:Heinz bodies, Bite cells, oxidative stress.
Q76: Von GierkeKey:G6Pase deficiency, hepatomegaly.
Q77: GalactosemiaKey:Cataracts, failure to thrive.
Q78: ETCKey:Inhibited by Cyanide, Carbon Monoxide.
Q79: B-OxidationKey:Occurs in Mitochondria.
Q80: InsulinKey:Tyrosine kinase receptor.
Q81: GlucagonKey:G-protein coupled receptor (cAMP).
Q82: Thyroid HormoneKey:Nuclear receptor.
Q83: CortisolKey:Cytosolic receptor.
Q84: ATP SynthaseKey:Driven by proton gradient.
Q85: Niemann-PickKey:Sphingomyelinase deficiency, cherry red spot.
🦠 Microbiology (Q86-Q95)
Q86: S. aureusKey:Catalase (+), Coagulase (+).
Q87: TBKey:Acid-fast bacilli (Ziehl-Neelsen).
Q88: HIVKey:Attacks CD4+ T-cells.
Q89: TetanusKey:Tetanospasmin blocks GABA/Glycine.
Q90: BotulismKey:Blocks ACh release, flaccid paralysis.
Q91: EBVKey:Monospot (+), Atypical lymphocytes.
Q92: CMVKey:Owl-eye inclusions.
Q93: CandidaKey:Pseudohyphae, Germ tubes.
Q94: AspergillusKey:Septate hyphae 45-degree angle.
Q95: RabiesKey:Negri bodies in hippocampus.
💊 Pharmacology (Q96-Q100)
Q96: Beta BlockersContraindication:Asthma (bronchoconstriction).
Q97: WarfarinMechanism:VKOR inhibition (Factors II, VII, IX, X).
Q98: HeparinMechanism:Antithrombin III activation.
Q99: AspirinMechanism:Irreversible COX inhibition.
Q100: MetforminMechanism:AMPK activation, decreased gluconeogenesis.